To explore the association between cesarean section (CS) and risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and evaluate the possible factors influencing this association.

In total, 950 patients diagnosed with ASD and 764 healthy controls were recruited in this study.

Socio-demographic characteristics and prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal characteristics were compared between the two groups.

Univariate and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were applied to adjust for confounders.

Further stratified analyses based on sex and miscarriage history were similarly performed to explore the factors influencing the association between CS and ASD.